samedi 30 août 2008

부속가 (séquence)

부속가는 몇몇 특별한 날의 미사에서만 노래되는 단선율 평성가 (plain-chant) 로, 미사의 다른 문구들과는 달리 운문으로 되어 있습니다. 우리나라의 음악학 저술들에서는 « 부속가 », « 속송 », « 세쿠엔치아 », « 시퀀스 » 등 다양한 용어들을 사용해 왔는데, 한국 천주교의 공식 명칭은 « 부속가 » 입니다. « 부속가 » 는 상당히 좋은 번역이라고 생각됩니다. 이 말은 라띠나어 sequentia 나 불어 séquence 의 원뜻인 « 연속, 계속 » 을 포함하고 있는 동시에 그 기원까지 암시해 줍니다. 즉 부속가는 애초에 복음환호송에 « 부속 » 되어 있던 노래로서, 그 뒤를 « 계속 이어 » 불려졌던 것입니다. 현재는 부속가가 불려지는 일도 극히 드물지만, 불려질 때는 반대로 복음환호송 앞에 불려집니다. (1)

복음환호송 (alleluia) 은 말그대로 복음을 듣게 되는 것이 너무 기뻐서 환호하는 노래이기 때문에, 옛부터 매우 길고 화려한 선율을 가진 음악이었습니다. 특히 그 후렴구의 가사는 알-렐-루-야, 단지 네 음절 뿐인데, 음악에는 멜리슴 (mélisme) 이 잔뜩 들어가서, « 알. 렐. 루. 야. » 라고 노래되는 것이 아니라, « 알레에에에에에에--------- 루우우우우우우---- 야아아아아아아아------------- » 하는 식으로, 모음을 길게 늘여서 부르게 되었습니다. 이것이 지나치게 길어지다보니 사람들이 음악을 외우기 힘들어 하는 현상이 발생했습니다. 옛날에는 악보가 아예 없거나, 있어도 정확한 높이와 리듬을 표시하지 못했으므로, 가수들은 흔히 음악을 통째로 외워야 했는데 말이지요. 그래서 길게 모음으로 노래되는 부분에 새로운 가사를 붙일 생각을 하게 되었습니다. 노랫말과 함께 외우면 그래도 좀 더 기억에 도움이 되니까요.

이렇게 해서 태어난 부속가 중 현재까지 전해지고 있는 가장 오래된 것은 쌍-걀 (Saint-Gall, 현재 스위쓰령) 수도원의 수사였던 놋께르 발불루쓰 (Notker Balbulus = 말더듬이 놋께르) 가 남긴 Liber hymnorum (= 찬미가 책, 9세기 말) 에 담겨 있는 38 편의 부속가입니다. 이 책에는 서문이 함께 실려 있는데, 이 서문에서 놋께르는 방금 제가 위에서 한 이야기, 즉 긴 선율들을 외우기가 너무 힘들었다는 고백을 하고 있습니다. 그는 어떻게 하면 이 긴 선율들을 자신의 « 불안정한 작은 머리 » 속에 가둘 수 있을까 고민하고 있었는데, 쥐미에쥬에서 온 한 수사가 자기네 수도원에서 사용하는 방법을 가르쳐 주었답니다. 쥐미에쥬 (Jumièges) 는 빠리에서 북쪽으로 그다지 멀지 않은, 노르멍디 지방에 위치한 수도원으로, 중세에는 매우 중요한 수도원 중의 하나였으나, 현재는 폐허만이 남아 있습니다. 아무튼 놋께르의 서문에서 짐작할 수 있는 것은, 비록 실제로 남아 있는 작품은 없으나, 부속가의 기원지가 프랑쓰 북부라는 사실입니다.

이후 부속가들은 곧 복음환호송에서 떨어져 나와 독립적인 발전을 했습니다. 사실 초기 부속가들을 보아도 알려져 있는 복음환호송들의 선율과 그다지 연관성이 없기 때문에, 부속가가 복음환호송에서부터 유래했다는 이론에 이의를 제기하는 학자들도 있습니다. 아무튼 부속가는 초기의 형태와는 달리 점점 더 규칙적인 운율과 길이를 가진 시의 모습으로 변해갔으며, 따라서 음악도 여기에 맞춰 새로 작곡되었습니다. 부속가의 가장 완성된 형태는 12세기 후반, 아덩 드 쌍-빅또르 (Adam de Saint-Victor) 에 의해 달성되었습니다. 빠리의 성녀 쥰비에브 산 위에 있던 성 빅또르 수도원의 수사였던 아덩이 확립시킨 부속가의 구조는, 여러 연 (최소 십 연) 으로 구성되는 상당히 긴 노래이며, 첫 연과 마지막 연을 제외하면 중간의 연들은 모두 정확하게 둘로 나뉩니다. 이 각각의 반은 똑같은 음절수와 똑같은 리듬, 똑같은 각운 (rime) 을 가지고 있으며, 똑같은 선율에 맞춰 불립니다. 처음과 마지막 연을 빼면 모든 연이 같은 형식으로 만들어졌으므로, 매 연마다 같은 선율을 반복하는 것이 이론적으로는 가능하지만, 실제로는 각 연마다 새로운 선율이 나와 두번씩 반복됩니다. 요약하면, A - BB - CC- DD - EE - ... - Z.

물론 초기의 부속가들은 이 틀에 잘 들어맞지 않고, 후기 부속가들 중에도 이 틀에서 약간 벗어나거나, 반복을 다시 반복하는 특이한 부속가들도 있습니다. 분노의 날 (Dies irae, 13세기) 이 그러한 예의 하나로, 이 노래는 [AA - BB - CC] - [AA - BB - CC] - [AA - BB - C - D] 의 구조를 가지고 있습니다. 하지만 아덩 드 쌍-빅또르 이후로는 사실상 모든 부속가들이 아덩의 규범을 기본으로 따릅니다.

부속가는 중세는 물론, 르네썽쓰 초기까지 유럽에서 엄청난 인기를 모았습니다. 그 수는 거의 오천여곡에 달했다고 하지요. 하지만 미사 음악이 지나치게 화려해지자 트렌또 공의회 (Concile de Trente, 1545-1563) 에서는 단 네 곡을 제외한 모든 부속가들을 전례에서 금지시키기로 하는 극단적인 결정을 내렸습니다. 종교 개혁을 겪고 나서 교회의 여러 문제들을 검토하기 위해 소집된 트렌또 공의회는 음악에 대해서도 많은 중요한 지침을 내렸는데, 기본 노선은 « 쓸데 없이 귀를 즐겁게 하는 음악을 배제한다 » 는 것이었습니다. 그 결과,

  1. 부활절 미사를 위한 Victimae Paschali laudes (부활절의 제물에게 찬양을)
  2. 성신강림절 미사 (부활절로부터 50일) 를 위한 Veni, Sancte Spiritu (오소서, 성신이여)
  3. 성체성혈 축일 (부활절로부터 60일) 을 위한 Lauda, Sion, Salvatorem (씨옹, 구세주를 찬양하거라)
  4. 그리고 위령의 날 (11월 2일) 을 비롯하여 기타 위령 또는 장례 미사를 위한 Dies irae (분노의 날)

만이 남게 되었습니다. 여기에다 1727년에 성모통고일 (9월 15일) 을 위한 Stabat Mater dolorosa (고통스런 어머니가 서있었다) 가 뒤늦게 첨가되었습니다. 현재는 그나마도 처음 둘 만이 의무입니다.

부속가는 오늘날 많이 잊혀졌지만, 과거를 통해 많은 작곡가들에게 영향을 끼쳤고, 몇몇 새로운 음악 졍르 (estampie, estampida, lai) 를 낳았으며, 악구 전체를 그대로 다시 한번 반복하는 작곡 기법 자체를 칭하는 말로도 굳어질 만큼, 음악사에 여러 흔적을 남겼습니다.

---------------------------
(1) Mais selon Nancy van Deusen, le terme sequentia proviendrait de sa position avant l'évangile dans la messe : « sequentia is given, designating position, a title derived from the piece's function before the Evangelium, which begins, for example, « sequentia sancti evangelii secundum Matthaeum » [...] Sequentia as a rubric is found exclusively in the position before the Evangelium (N. van Deusen, « Polymelodic Sequences and a « Second Epoch » of Sequence Composition », in Musicologie médiévale. Notations et Séquences. Actes de la Table ronde du CNRS à l'Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes, 6-7 septembre 1982, édité par Michel Huglo, Paris, Champion, 1987 : 213). Cette explication me paraît peu convaincante voire complètement erronée. Pourquoi appellerait-on une pièce suite alors qu'elle est devant ? Et surtout, on trouve la même indication sequentia sancti evangelii... dans toutes les messes, c'est-à-dire dans toutes celles où la séquence n'est pas comprise.

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